Non-Established versus Established Actors: Social Movements and Political Parties

This section compiles literature on the relationship between non-established and established actors, that is, between social movements, protest groups or NGO’s and established actors like major political parties and interest groups. This relationship reveals a more indirect influence of non-established actors on public communication and policy outcomes, transmitted through actors closer to the center of political-administrative and economic power.

  • Cohen, Marty, David Karol, Hans Noel, and John Zaller. 2008. The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations Before and After Reform. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Frymer, Paul. 1999. Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
  • Goldstone, Jack A., ed. 2003. States, Parties, and Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Phillips, Susan D. 1995. “Competing, Connecting and Complementing: Parties, Interest Groups and New Social Movements.” Pp. 548-570 in Canadian Parties in Transition, edited by Tanguay, Brian, and Alain Gagnon. Scarborough: Nelson Canada.
  • Zald, Mayer, Calvin Morrill, and Hayagreeva Rao. 2005. “The Impact of Social Movements on Organizations: Environment and Responses.” Pp. 253-279 in Social Movements and Organization Theory, edited by Davis, Gerald F., Doug McAdam, W. Richard Scott, and Mayer N. Zald. New York: Cambridge University Press.

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